2. Zare-Kaseb A, Sarmadi S, Sanaie N, Zeydi AE. Prevalence and variability in use of physical restraints in intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Australian Critical Care. 2025;
38(3):101210.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2025.101210
3. Berger S, Grzonka P, Amacher SA, Hunziker S, Frei AI, Sutter R. Adverse events related to physical restraint use in intensive care units: A review of the literature.
Journal of Intensive Medicine. 2024;
4(3):318–25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jointm.2023.11.005
4. Ma X, Cheng H, Zhao Y, Zhu Y. Prevalence and risk factors of subsyndromal delirium in ICU: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. 2025;
86, 103834.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103834
5. Haines-Delmont A, Goodall K, Duxbury J, Tsang A. An evaluation of the implementation of a “no force first” informed organisational guide to reduce physical restraint in mental health and learning disability inpatient settings in the UK.
Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2022;
13, 749615.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.749615
6. Riahi S, Thomson G, Duxbury J. A hermeneutic phenomenological exploration of ‘last resort’ in the use of restraint.
International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 2020;
29(6):1218–29.
https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12761
8. Kwon SY, Nam SI. From policy to culture: how restraint-free care became organizational practice in long-term care settings in South Korea.
Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2026;
69(3):423–43.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2025.2512064
9. Alostaz Z, Rose L, Mehta S, Johnston L, Dale CM. Interprofessional intensive care unit (ICU) team perspectives on physical restraint practices and minimization strategies in an adult ICU: A qualitative study of contextual influences.
Nursing in Critical Care. 2024;
29(1):90–8.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12864
10. Lee YG, Jo EH, Kim SA, Kim JG, Kim HM, Kim HE, et al. The study on physical restraint use in intensive care unit (ICU). Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research. 2003;8(2):117–30.
11. Cho YA, Kim JS, Kim NR, Choi HJ, Cho JG, Lee HJ, et al. A study on the use of physical restraints in ICUs. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2006;18(4):543–52.
12. Kim MY, Park JS. A study on the application of physical restraints in intensive care units. Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing. 2010;17(2):177–86.
14. Lao Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Shen L, Wu F, Gong X. Critical care nurses’ experiences of physical restraint in intensive care units: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis.
Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2023;
32(9-10):2239–51.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.16528
15. Zhou J, Qin Q, Chen S, Zhang H. Moral dilemmas regarding physical restraints in intensive care units: Understanding autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice in the use of physical restraints.
Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare. 2024;
17, 1619–27.
https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S455910
16. Cortinhal VSJ, Correia ASC, Fernandes SJD. Nursing ethical decision making on adult physical restraint: A scoping review.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024;
21(1):75.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21010075
17. Belayneh Z, Chavulak J, Lee DCA, Petrakis M, Haines TP. Prevalence and variability of restrictive care practice use (physical restraint, seclusion and chemical restraint) in adult mental health inpatient settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2024;
33(4):1256–81.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17041
18. Brugnolli A, Canzan F, Mortari L, Saiani L, Ambrosi E, Debiasi M. The effectiveness of educational training or multicomponent programs to prevent the use of physical restraints in nursing home settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;
17(18):6738.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186738
19. Jun S, Lee H. Information-motivation-behavioral skill model-based physical restraint education program for nursing care providers in long-term care hospitals: A quasi-experimental repeated measures non-equivalent control group design.
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing. 2024;
26(3):288–301.
https://doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2024.00402
20. Kong EH, Song E, Evans LK. Effects of a multicomponent restraint reduction program for Korean nursing home staff.
Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2017;
49(3):325–35.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12296
21. Suh KD. A grounded theory on the use of physical restraint by nurses in a surgical intensive care unit of advanced general hospital [master's thesis]. Seoul: Seoul National University; 2023.
22. Benjamin E, Roddy L, Giuliano KK. Management of patient tubes and lines during early mobility in the intensive care unit.
Human Factors in Healthcare. 2022;
2, 100017.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2022.100017
23. Ryu JO, Son Hong GR. Prevalence and risk factors of delirium of older adults after cardiac surgery at the intensive care unit: A retrospective study.
Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing. 2024;
26(1):113–23.
https://doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2024.00241
24. Bloom BS, Engelhart MD, Furst EJ, Hill WH, Krath-wohl DR. Taxonomy of educational objectives: the classification of educational goals. Handbook I: cognitive domain. New York: Longman; 1956.
25. Roh JY, Shin SJ, Hong EM. Effectiveness of delirium education programs for nurses in acute hospitals: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Korean Journal of Adult Nursing. 2022;
34(5):435–49.
https://doi.org/10.7475/kjan.2022.34.5.435
27. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Medicare and Medicaid programs; hospital conditions of participation: patients’ rights. Final rule. Federal Register. 2006;71(236):71378–428.
28. Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Patient Restraints Minimization Act, 2001, S.O. 2001, c. 16 [Internet]. Toronto (ON): Legislative Assembly of Ontario; 2001. [cited 2026 Jan 28]. Available from:
https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/01p161
29. Mohr WK, Petti TA, Mohr BD. Adverse effects associated with physical restraint.
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;
48(5):330–7.
30. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 statement.
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2021;
134, 103–12.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003
31. Smailes PS, Zurmehly J, Schubert C, Loversidge JM, Sinnott LT. An electronic medical record training conversion for onboarding inpatient nurses.
CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 2019;
37(8):405–12.
https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000514
32. Walsh K, Rutherford A, Richardson J, Moore P. NICE medical education modules: An analysis of cost-effectiveness. Education for Primary Care. 2010;21(6):396–8.
33. Vallé e A, Blacher J, Cariou A, Sorbets E. Blended learning compared to traditional learning in medical education: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2020;
22(8):e16504.
https://doi.org/10.2196/16504
34. Ye J, Xiao A, Yu L, Wei H, Wang C, Luo T. Physical restraints: An ethical dilemma in mental health services in China.
International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2017 Dec 7;
5(1):68–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2017.12.001
35. Shen X, Hu B, Pang X, Lin J, Yin X, Jiang Y, Zhao Y, Liu Q, Zhu X. Nurses’ behaviours towards physical restraint use in the ICU: a descriptive qualitative study.
International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2021;
27(1):e12868.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12868
38. Perez D, Murphy G, Wilkes L, Peters K. Understanding nurses’ perspectives of physical restraints during mechanical ventilation in intensive care: A qualitative study.
Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2021 Jun;
30(11-12):1706–18.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15726
41. Freeman S, Hallett C, McHugh G. Physical restraint: experiences, attitudes and opinions of adult intensive care unit nurses.
Nursing in Critical Care. 2016;
21(2):78–87.
https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12197
42. Salehi Z, Joolaee S, Hajibabaee F, Ghezeljeh TN. The challenges of using physical restraint in intensive care units in Iran: A qualitative study.
Journal of the Intensive Care Society. 2021;
22(1):34–40.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1751143719892785
43. Chen X, Zhuang Y, Lao Y, Qiao L, Chen Y, Guo F. Development and implementation of a novel decision support tool on physical restraint use in critically ill adult patients.
International Journal of Nursing Practice. 2022;
28(2):e12961.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12961
44. Cho AY, Lee MJ, Ban HJ, Jun EJ, Choi MJ. ICU nurses’ attitudes, practices, and perceived ethical dilemmas regarding the application of physical restraint algorithms.
Korean Journal of Medical Ethics. 2025;
28(3):229–40.
https://doi.org/10.35301/ksme.2025.28.3.229
45. Alsomali Z, Elsayes HA, Sharif LS. Assessment of nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding physical restraint: A scoping review.
Indian Journal of Palliative Care. 2024;
30(2):149–54.
https://doi.org/10.25259/IJPC_227_2023